TNF and cancer: The in situ cancer vaccination with DSF/Cu+IR increased proinflammatory cytokine TNF α level in TME and downregulated expression serum levels of immunosuppressive chemokines/cytokines including IL-10, MCP-1, KC, and TGF-β in peripheral blood in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice (Fig. 7F, G), indicating its potential to reverse the immunosuppressive TME (cold tumor) into inflamed TME (hot tumor).