TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: However, since pro-inflammatory mediators, such as COX-2, p38 MAPK, IL-1b, IL-6, and TGF-β, play pivotal roles in coronavirus-related cell death, cytokine storm, and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, blocking these mediators of inflammation with celecoxib could be beneficial in treating individuals with mild to moderate infections [43,44].