LMP1-mediated oncogenic pathways such as JAK/STAT, MAPKs/AP1 and NF-κB were shown to be at least partly responsible for the induction of PD-L1 expression in human NPC cells, enabling better efficacy of programmed cell death protein PD-1/PD-L1-directed immunotherapeutics [183]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.