CD4 and tuberculosis: Apart from early ART initiation and low CD4 count, a high viral load [90,91], the degree of immunological restoration after ART treatment [92,93], disseminated tuberculosis [93], Black ethnic origin [94], positive urine lipoarabinomannan antigen [95], elevated extrapulmonary extracellular matrix turnover [96] and plasma hemoglobin less than 90 g/L at baseline [89] are also regarded as predictive factors of TB-IRIS in numerous studies.