PSMD1 and infection: This result was confirmed by a high level of infection reported in the Malagasy HCW population (79.7%) (Table 1) and the serological result assessing IgG anti-S1, anti-RBD, and anti-NP, which revealed that Madagascar’s HCWs had higher, though not significantly, NP titers, suggesting a more recent natural infection [30] (Figure 2).