TNF and colitis: ↓ body weight loss; attenuation of colitis symptom; improvement in colon shortening; ↓ pro-inflammatory cytokines in colon (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, ↑ IL-10); downregulation of NF-κB and TLR4 in colons; ↓ apoptosis (↓ caspase-9 protein expression); improved gut microbiota dysbiosis; immunoregulatory effect in colitis (recruitment of dendritic cells to the colonic tissue)