INS and metabolic syndrome: ↓ body weight; ↑ insulin sensitivity; ameliorated dyslipidemia (↓ TG, LDL-c, and FFA and ↓ visceral fat index); alleviated liver (↑ ALT and AST) and renal (↓ creatine and urea) damage; antioxidant effect on liver (↓ MDA, ↑ CAT, GSH, and SOD); anti-inflammatory potential (↓ TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1); improved gut microbiota dysbiosis; modulation of SCFA metabolism (increase in SCFAs production in colonic contents)