ULK1 and lung carcinoma: In another study, bis-indole derivatives of 1-methoxyspirobrassinol methyl ether induced autophagy in A549 (lung carcinoma epithelial cells) by modulation of the phosphorylation or expression of various autophagy markers, such as Beclin-1, AMPK, ULK1, p62, Atg7, and LC3A/B [24].