CASP3 and cancer: There are also many biochemical pathways associated with cancers that curcumin affects (Figure 2), including caspase activation pathways (caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-8, caspase-9), cell proliferation, metastasis and survival pathways (MMP-9, MMP-2, ICAM-1, CXCR, COX-II, cyclin D1,c-MYC, IL-6, IL-8, IAP-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, cFLIP, XIAP), death receptor pathways (DR4, DR5), protein kinase pathways (PKA, PhK, MAPK, AMPK, AKT, JNK), and tumor suppressor pathways (p53, p21) [4,6,8,15].