TGFBR2 and cancer: Inactivating germline mutations in TβRI have been reported in cancers of the breast, pancreas, biliary tree, cervix, and head and neck as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia [165,166], whereas somatic inactivating mutation in TβRII occurs in multiple cancers, which include colorectal, gastric, endometrial, prostate breast, lung, liver, pancreas, cervical cancer as well as glioma and lymphoma [31,33,167,168].