TGFBR1 and neoplasm: Consistent with observations that certain tumor suppressor genes are silenced by gene promoter methylation, the loss of TβRI or/and TβRII expression occurs by their promoter methylation in multiple cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [169], gastric adenocarcinoma [170], head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [171,172], colorectal cancer (CRC) [173], multiple myeloma [174], human B-cell lymphoma [175], renal cancer [176], breast cancer [177], and cell lung cancers [178,179].