TGFB1 and cancer: The TGF-β1-induced TMEPA1 also promotes the growth and invasiveness of cancer cells partly through downregulating the expression of the tumor suppressor PTEN, leading to the activation of PI3K, and inhibiting the expression of PHLPP1 (PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1) with the subsequent activation of AKT [303].