Nonetheless, in rats with pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, trimetazidine has been observed to enhance the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a crucial angiogenic factor, as well as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) which facilitates interactions between endothelial cells and other cell types during angiogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene PECAM1 and cardiac hypertrophy.