To reiterate and further elaborate upon our prior statements, examples of protein therapeutics that have reached the landmark of clinical translation include erythropoietin for chronic kidney disease and chemotherapy, insulin for the treatment of diabetes, interferons for multiple sclerosis and hepatitis B and C, and monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab for breast cancer and infliximab for rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.