TNF and autoimmune disease: While JAK1 is downstream of the INF-γ receptor, involved in signaling of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-7, IL-10 or IL-21, and serves as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases, such as bowel disease [54], TRAF2 mediates the TNF-α mediated response and is essential for the activation of transcription factors, such as the nuclear factor-κBs (NFκB) [55].