NUCLEOLIN and prostate cancer: In the realm of biomedical diagnostics, aptamers find utility in detecting disease biomarkers and stem cell markers and aiding in cancer diagnosis, as exemplified by Miranda et al. through the application of the modified aptamer AS1411 for detecting nucleolin and its expression on the membrane of prostate cancer cells and in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of prostate cancer patients [73].