HMOX1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The levels of MDA, AGEs, TNF-α, IL-6, Bax, and caspase-3 were significantly higher, but the levels of SOD, HO-1, GSH, and Bcl2 were significantly lower in the kidneys of the T1DM-STZ rats compared to the control and control + PHLTM rats (Table 3 and Table 4).