TNF and cardiovascular disorder: During the progression of cardiovascular disease, the inflammatory reaction manifests as a significant pathological alteration, marked by increased levels of inflammatory indicators like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), C-reactive protein (CRP), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), or vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) [6].