INS and gestational diabetes: Beneficial whole-body effects include increased glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity; decreased oxidative stress in skeletal muscle; decreased adipocyte hypertrophy, visceral adiposity, weight, inflammation and oxidative stress in adipose tissue; decreased triglycerides, steatosis, weight, inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver; improved barrier function, goblet cells, mucin production and gene expression, decreased inflammation and oxidative stress in the intestine; and decreased systemic triglycerides, inflammation and LDL cholesterol, thereby decreasing GDM risk (Figure 3).