AKT1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The study also identified three key pathways that may be involved in the anti-obesity mechanism of PG, namely the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the Calcium signaling pathway, and the MAPK signaling pathway, and the results suggest that the anti-obesity effect of active saponins from PG is a combined action through multiple targets and multiple pathways.