TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In recent years, the development of new drugs such as JAK inhibitors [4,5,6,7], anti-integrin mAb [8,9], anti-IL-12/23 p40 mAb [10,11], anti-IL-23 p19 mAb [12,13], and others has been increasing, in addition to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mAb for the treatment of IBD; however, there are some cases unresponsive to treatment with immunosuppressants and anti-cytokine therapy.