As A549 cells carry a relevant KRAS driver mutation and their NF-κB activation is well-characterized [40,41,42,43], we chose this NSCLC cell line for this study, which aimed to compare the effect of high- (carbon ions) and low-LET radiation (X-rays) under hypoxia (1% O2) and normoxia (20% O2) on the transcriptional response of p65 target genes, as well as p65 target cytokines. The gene discussed is KRAS; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.