Individuals with liver cirrhosis have high levels of LPS, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), endotoxin, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), usually associated with an increase in bacteroidetes, proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Fusobacteriaceae, Prevotellaceae, bifidobacteria, and streptococci, and a decrease in Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Coprococcus, and F. prausnitzii [50]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cirrhosis of liver.