CSF2 and acute myeloid leukemia: However, with the simultaneous action of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and stem cell factor (SCF), CXCL1 increases the proliferation of AML blasts in one-third of patients, which indicates that in bone marrow CXCL1 increases AML blast proliferation, but only in some AML patients [79].