TGFB1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Additionally, Zheng et al. [35] explored the protective effects of chromium picolinate against testicular damage in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic rats, emphasizing its role in anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, apoptosis inhibition, and regulation of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad pathway.