The variables associated with DSP signs or symptoms were included in multivariable analyses as covariates (i.e., age, gender, ethnicity, height, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, modified Framingham CVD risk score, current CD4+, HIV RNA, duration of HIV infection, current use and duration of cART, and history of lifetime alcohol, methamphetamine, and opioid use disorders). Here, CD4 is linked to opioid use disorder.