In preclinical studies, orchiectomy and GnRH agonists, but not GnRH antagonists, induced long- or short-term follicular stimulating hormone elevation that, acting synergistically with TNF-α, induced an amplified endothelial inflammation through elevation of vascular cell adhesion protein-1 expression, thus accelerating atherosclerosis [146]. Here, GNRH1 is linked to atherosclerosis.