MTOR and cancer: Secondly, the association between polyploidy and multipotent stemness, which was noted for differentiated cancer cells [76,114] as well as for MSC (this study), can be partially explained by the important role of cilia in the transmission of multipotency signaling cascades operating via WNT, NOTCH, Hippo, mTOR, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) [115,116].