Mechanisms and pathways involved are the major tumor-associated signaling cascades (transforming growth factor (TGF-), Wingless and INT-1 (Wnt)/catenin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Hedgehog, NF-κB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/Mechanical (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR)) [28], and CD44 [29]. This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and neoplasm.