MMP9 and epilepsy: The authors indicated that TAN alters neuronal apoptosis and ameliorates seizure severity in epilepsy-induced rats by enhancing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, reducing seizure-induced matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) activation, and lowering the level of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in the nucleus via blocking AIF translocation [102].