In a subgroup analysis (n = 171) of advanced or metastasised NSCLC patients with PD-L1 TPS ≥ 1% and first-line immune checkpoint blockade, the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed a survival advantage when the combinational PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor plus an add-on VA therapy was applied compared to the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy alone; see Figure 3 and Table 7. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.