Besides being effectively used in combination with radio-/and or chemotherapy [30,31,83], VA in combination with targeted therapy is associated with (i) a well-documented safety profile [48,49,50,51]; (ii) a significant reduction in adverse effects in cancer patients treated with monoclonal antibodies [85]; (iii) a reduction by approximately 50% in adverse event rates in patients with advanced or metastasised lung cancer treated with anti-PD-1 agents [49]; and (iv) improved ability to continue standard cancer therapy in patients treated with targeted therapies [51]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and lung carcinoma.