VEGFA and cancer: In the context of cancer, Th2 cells are considered to be protumorigenic [33], with potential protumorigenic actions of Th2 cells being reported, including the recruitment and repolarization of macrophages to suppressive (M2-like) lineages [34], the stimulation of the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [35], and the production of immunosuppressive cytokines [33].