TNF and central nervous system cancer: In particular, while glioma-associated M1-type macrophages are characterized by an increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-27, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), VEGF and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and can lead to the destruction of tumor tissue, those of the M2 type have more of an immunosuppressive action and promote tumor progression through the production of IL-10, IL-35 and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-β) [160].