TP53 and cancer: Certain Hsp40s exhibit pro-oncogenic activities in various human cancers, in several mechanisms, including the inhibition of p53-dependent apoptosis via destabilizing the programmed cell death protein (PDCD) [108], the promotion of the EMT [109], the promotion of cell cycle progression by inhibiting the ubiquitin degradation of some cell division cycle proteins or the hyperactivation of the pERK-IQ-domain GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) signaling axis, thereby activating downstream oncogenic and metastatic pathways [106].