PTEN and neoplasm: Recent studies have highlighted a high frequency of mutations in genes such as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and AKT within the PI3K/AKT pathway, establishing significant associations with tumor initiation, progression, and drug resistance [22].