Breast cancer cells exhibiting over-activation of IRE1α can stimulate the production of proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines, including IL-6, interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) [105]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and breast cancer.