ADAR and cancer: Functional studies have shown that ADAR1 is involved in regulating the transformation of the smooth muscle cell phenotype and vascular remodeling [4], mesenchymal–epithelial transition [5], endothelial cell function [6], innate immune responses [7], neurotransmitter breakdown metabolism [8] and the development of cancers such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [9], thyroid cancer [10] and hepatocellular carcinoma [11].