NFKB1 and neoplasm: Furthermore, these cytokines and growth factors trigger critical signaling pathways like NF-κB, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and the mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), which are instrumental in regulating genes that control tumor growth, survival, and the sensitivity to chemotherapy [35].