APOL1 and kidney disorder: Since it is widely recognized that common pathogenic variants in APOL1 significantly enhance the risk of kidney disease in people of recent African descent [127], this has obvious implications for APOL1-mediated kidney disease (AMKD); however, it is unclear whether IL-15 acts as a direct driver of APOL1 expression, whether it acts indirectly to drive expression through the upregulation of INFγ or whether IL-15 contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of AMKD.