Reduced subsarcolemmal NOS1 is also an early event driving disuse-induced muscle atrophy in rats and short-term bed rest [50], as well as in long-term bed rest [38] and in space-flown mice [37], and thus is considered a “non-exercise” reference to the NOS1 immuno-expression levels found in our study of LDM astronauts (B to E) who performed up to 2.5 h of regular daily inflight exercise sessions during their 6-month missions onboard the ISS. This evidence concerns the gene NOS1 and muscle atrophy.