TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Similarly, in pregnant mice with obesity, there are increased levels of inflammatory markers, including TNF-α, IL-6, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the placenta [8,17,18,19].