MAPK1 and cancer: In summary, IL-1β-induced cancer growth, ROS production, and cell invasiveness are mediated through the regulation of MAPK pathways (p38, ERK, JNK) and their downstream transcription factors c-Fos, c-Jun, and STAT3 in HT-29 cells, effects all inhibited by SFN, as illustrated in our schematic diagram (Figure 9).