GSR and ulcer disease: Our results show that in comparison with normal-HDFs, in ulcer-HDFs, there are no significant differences in GR activity (0.18 mU/mL in normal-HDFs and 0.19 mU/mL in ulcer-HDFs) or in GSSG levels (0.22 μM and 0.25 μM in normal- and ulcer-HDFs, respectively), while tGSH and GSH levels are significantly reduced (p < 0.001), in accordance with the impaired fibroblast proliferation and migration driven by the production of ROS, the lack of antioxidant defenses, and the excessive oxidative stress.