GM-CSF, IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-2, MIP-1, IL-12, and TNF-α were shown to have higher cytokine levels in treatment-naive patients in all three MPN groups when compared to age-matched control participants, according to an observational study [9]. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and myeloproliferative neoplasm.