TAMs are the most abundant leucocyte population in the stroma of both mouse and human PDAC10 and they contribute to establish an ‘immunologically cold’ microenvironment also through T cell exclusion.57 Specifically, in the context of SEMA3A expressing tumours, the depletion of macrophages led to increased intratumoural infiltration of T cells and the maximisation of therapeutic benefit from gemcitabine. This evidence concerns the gene SEMA3A and neoplasm.