TNF and benign prostatic hyperplasia: A study found that in BPH, immunoreaction to TNFα decreased as compared with that of normal prostates, while immunoreactions to both TNFα receptors increased.[38] Another previous study found that TNF antagonists significantly reduced epithelial hyperplasia, NF-κB activation, and macrophage-mediated inflammation in prostate tissues and reduced the incidence of BPH.[39] The IL-17 family consists of 6 structurally related cytokines: IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (IL-25) and IL-17F.