PTGER4 and bladder transitional cell carcinoma: To counteract potential overfitting, these genes underwent lasso and multivariate COX regression evaluations, pinpointing ten pivotal genes (CALR, HLA-G, HMGA1, HMGA2, RAD54B, JUN, MOV10, PTGER3, PTGER4, UGCG) in BLCA with diagnostic significance (Fig. 3B, C).