CD4 and AIDS: Whilst not disaggregated by the route of infection (PaHIV versus nPaHIV) and without outcome data, rates of malignancy, the majority being AIDS-related, in a South African national surveillance study, were worryingly high, with an incidence of 61/100,000 people per year; associated with lower CD4 counts and included cervical carcinoma in 15–19 year olds [22].