Currently, the only approved canine melanoma immunotherapy is the DNA vaccine OnceptTM, while some ongoing studies of immune checkpoint blockers such as anti-PD-1 [2,3] and anti-PD-L1 [4] antibodies also showed promising results, and the commercialized anti-PD-L1 antibody Gilvetmab was conditionally USDA-approved for malignant melanoma treatment in late 2023. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is melanoma.