TNF and metabolic disease: Among these, Bilophila is an opportunistic pathogen that can promote the inflammatory response by elevating the levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6, and amyloid A, and can affect metabolic pathways such as butyric acid and bile acid, which is highly associated with inflammatory bowel disease, IS, obesity, diabetes, and other inflammatory and metabolic diseases [58,59,60,61,62].