ALB and malnutrition: Various validated tools are available to assess nutritional status and malnutrition risk, including the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002), Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI), albumin, the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, and Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI).