PTGS2 and neoplasm: These disappointing results may be attributed to the observation that the combination of IFNα with BCG, alone or with poly-IC (which activates not only the IFN-enhancing Toll-like receptor 3 pathway but also the COX2-augmenting RIG-I/MDA5/NFkB pathway), not only enhances CXCL10 production but also triggers the production of CCL22 in human tumor tissues [106,111].