HIV-1 activates cytoskeletal proteins during monocyte–endothelial interactions, and the CCR5 antagonists MVC and TAK-799 prevented the HIV-induced upregulation and phosphorylation of cytoskeleton-associated proteins, prevented HIV-1 infection of macrophages, and diminished the viral-induced adhesion of monocytes to human brain microvascular ECs [13]. Here, CCR5 is linked to HIV-1 infection.