INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Some earlier studies reported that MSCs-Exs can slow or even suppress the progression of T1DM patients by inhibiting the autoimmune targeting of pancreatic β-islets, by promoting autoreactive T-cell apoptosis and regulatory T-cell proliferation; this leads to enhancing the islets’ regeneration, angiogenesis, and survival, resulting in a rise in insulin secretion and the management of hyperglycemia and its complications [7,33,34].